Effects of hydropeaking on the spawning behaviour of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta

An in situ camera set‐up was used to study the spawning activity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta throughout two consecutive seasons in a spawning area affected by hydropower‐related pulse flows due to hydropeaking. The purpose was to test whether the flow variation discouraged spawning in shallow areas or motivated spawning into areas with elevated risk of incubation mortality. There were more S. salar observed on the spawning ground during days with high discharge. The presence of S. salar in the spawning grounds was not affected by the hydropeaking cycles of the preceding night. Female S. salar were observed preparing nests within the first hour after water discharge had increased to levels suitable for spawning. In contrast, the number of S. trutta was not correlated with flow and nest preparation was also observed at a discharge corresponding to the lowest discharge levels during a hydropeaking cycle. Survival was generally high in nests excavated the following winter, with only 5·4% suffering mortality due to dewatering. The results suggest that S. salar may respond rapidly to variable‐flow conditions and utilize short windows with suitable flows for spawning. Smaller S. trutta may utilize low‐flow conditions to spawn in areas that are not habitable by larger S. salar during low flow.     

Combined stable‐isotope and fatty‐acid analyses demonstrate that large wood increases the autochthonous trophic base of a macroinvertebrate assemblage

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Prediction of taxon occurrence: a test on taxon‐specific change point values of stream benthic invertebrates

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Molecular Detection of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene(s) in 115 Wheat Cultivars (lines) from the Yellow and Huai River Valley Wheat Region

Stripe rust (yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious disease of wheat worldwide, including China. Growing resistant cultivars is the most cost‐effective and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. To assess the stripe rust resistance in commercial wheat cultivars and advanced lines in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Wheat Region, 115 wheat cultivars (lines) collected from 13 provinces in this region were evaluated with the most prevalent Chinese Pst races CYR32, CYR33 and the new race V26 at seedling stage. In addition, these wheat entries were inoculated with the mixed races of CYR32 and CYR33 at the adult‐plant stage in the field. The results indicated that 53 (46.1%) cultivars (lines) had all‐stage resistance to all the three races, and 16 (13.9%) cultivars (lines) showed adult‐plant resistance. The possible stripe rust resistance genes in these entries were postulated by the closely linked markers of all‐stage resistance genes Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr26 and adult‐plant resistance gene Yr18. Molecular analysis indicated that resistance genes Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr18 and Yr26 were found in 5 (4.3%), 38 (33.0%), 1 (0.9%), 2 (1.7%) and 8 (7.0%) entries, respectively. No entry was found to carry the Yr15 gene. In future breeding programs, Yr5, Yr15 and Yr18 should be used to pyramid with other effective genes to develop wheat cultivars with high‐level and durable resistance to stripe rust, whereas Yr9, Yr10 and Yr26 should not be used or used in a limited way due to the virulent races present in China.     

三江源区退化高寒生态系统恢复技术与示范

"三江源区退化高寒生态系统恢复技术与示范"(2016YFC0501900)是国家重点研发计划"典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究"专项中"青藏高原生态系统功能提升与适应性管理"指南方向下的第二个项目。项目以综合生态系统管理方法为支撑点,以三江源区退化严重的三类主体生态系统——高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒湿地为研究对象,以"土壤(土)-植被(草)-动物(畜)"协同恢复的思路为指导,通过创新性、系统性、综合性的科学研究,自主研发三江源区生态恢复与生态衍生产业发展的综合技术体系,完善生态恢复及产业发展模式评估和监测技术体系,推动生态恢复和区域发展模式的转型升级,提升生态整体恢复的技术水平和监管能力,解决三江源退化草地恢复重建及功能提升的重大问题,旨在为三江源的生态建设提供科技支撑和系统解决方案。     

Ecology of the coporo, Prochilodus mariae (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae), and status of annual migrations in western Venezuela

Deforestation, overfishing, pollution, and construction of dams have severely impacted migratory fishes of western Venezuela. The coporo, Prochilodus mariae (Prochilodontidae), has supported the largest commercial fishery among the species that have seasonal long-distance migrations between rivers of the Andean piedmont and the llanos floodplains. During the period July 1988 to November 1990, coporo ecology was studied in the Río Boconó and the Boconó-Tucupido reservoir in estado Portuguesa. Coporo females mature at age 2 at 23 cm SL. Relatively few coporos were captured from the reservoir and the R. Boconó upstream. No coporos were encountered in the river > 3 km upstream from the reservoir nor in hypoxic regions of the reservoir > 4 m deep. In the river segment immediately downstream (0–4 km) from the Boconó Dam, the stock was comprised of mostly juveniles (78% < 17 cm SL), and this size/age structure was relatively stable over time. In recent years, overfishing downstream from the dam has reduced the densities and sizes of coporos in the R. Boconó. The river segment 4–16 km below the dam was comprised of 78% adults. Few coporos > 3 yr and > 30 cm SL were found in the rivers, whereas none were < 4 yr and < 30 cm in the reservoir. Detritus was consumed more than algae by coporos in the reservoir and by adults relative to juveniles among river-dwelling fish. In both reservoir and river fish, gonadal development was initiated during late November and peaked during May-June. We found no evidence of successful reproduction in the reservoir, and mature adults in the lower river segment disappeared during June, presumably having migrated to the floodplains of the low llanos for spawning. From mid-November 1989 until March 1990, coporo ribazóns (schools of ascending migrants) of diminishing densities were surveyed from the R. Apure upstream to the R. Boconó. ribazóns have been eliminated or greatly diminished in nearly 80% of the principal rivers of the Andean piedmont in western Venezuela. Management options to assist this economically and ecologically important species are discussed.     

The aquatic macrophytes of an English lowland river system: assessing response to nutrient enrichment

Assessment of the effects of nutrients in running water upon macrophytes is compounded by the variety of additional environmental factors which influence their growth. Some classification schemes have been effective in detecting eutrophication on a national or regional scale, and also downstream changes in large single catchments. However, in lowland rivers with naturally nutrient-rich geologies, detection of change at smaller spatial scales has been difficult. This study examined the macrophyte community at 44 sites on the river Welland, a small lowland catchment rising below 150 m in Leicestershire, England. The community at 23 of these sites was adequate for further analysis. The data show that the clearest effect on community composition is caused by watercourse size. However, sites below sewage works, even small village works, did show a reduction in Mean Trophic Rank, (MTR – an assesment system introduced into the UK over the last three years using a 10–100 scale based upon scores and cover value of indicator species). Overall there was a slight but significant correlation of MTR with soluble phosphate and nitrate. The effectiveness of the MTR method is limited at full catchment scale by low numbers of the indicator taxa at small upstream sites. Catchment-scale assessment of the plant community is probably best served by more detailed phytosociological analysis and by the further development of the habitat templet approach.     

东太湖全新世水下河道沉积特征及环境演变

在详细研究东太湖Ｅ２孔全新世沉积基础上,总结和归纳了水下河道的沉积特征和相组合规律。识别出高湖面型和低湖南型两种沉积层序,划分了东太湖晚更新世末以来环境演变阶段：１）１５８８５－６５７５ａＢ．Ｐ．冲积黄土基础上发育而成的古河道;２）６５７５－５８００ａＢ．Ｐ．高湖面时期水下河道沉积环境;３）５８００ａＢ．Ｐ．后,演化为低湖面型水下河道,并逐渐淤积形成开敞湖缘环境。结合西太湖Ｗ１孔沉积特征和层位对比     

Sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) migration within the water system of the Camargue,southern France

In the coastal lagoons of Southern France, sand smelt Atherina boyeri, is known as a sedentary species. However part of the sand smelt population living in the brackish water Vaccarès lagoon in the Camargue annually migrates to fresh waters. The movements of sand smelts within the watersystem of the Camargue were studied from 1986 to 1990. Fish traps and fyke nets were set and catches were standardised to Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE). A Stepwise Multiple Correlation analysis was carried out to link fish abundance with various environmental factors. Between September and November, sand smelts living in the Vaccarès start to colonize fresh waters (drainage canals and then temporary marshes), until March. Spawning occurs from April to June, both in the shallow branches of the canal and in the marshes. From June onwards adults and young-of-the year leave the fresh waters and return to the Vaccarès lagoon where they remain until the next migration. This autumnal migration to freshwater habitats involves mainly fish less than 3 years old, the oldest individuals remaining all year in the Vaccarès. Water level and photoperiod contribute to 20.7% of the variation of CPUE within the drainage canal, while date, water temperature, and rainfall combined, only account for 2.5% of CPUE variations. Date and photoperiod contribute significantly to explaining the patterns of fish migrations between the canal and the marshes. The density of mature sand smelt in the marshes before spawning, varies between 4 and 4346 fish ha^–1. Fry mortality (against number of eggs spawned) over the first two months of life was assessed to vary between 97.5% and 99.9%. Physiological factors such as osmoregulation linked to water temperature are possibly the ultimate factors explaining these unusual annual migrations of sand smelt in the Camargue.     

Are zebra mussels restricted by toxicant levels in the River Meuse? a review

This paper questions if chemical barriers prevent the occurrence of benthic invertebrates in the river Meuse. To this purpose an ecotoxicological analysis is presented, using published observations on the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha, a tolerant species that maintains populations in the river. Zebra mussels collected or exposed at the Belgian-Dutch border contained high levels of several groups of toxicants, and mixture toxicity is likely to occur. A recently developed bio-assay, using the filtration rate of the zebra mussel, demonstrated strong inhibitory effects of water from the river Meuse. To determine which (combination of) toxicants cause such effects, laboratory experiments with toxicant mixtures were carried out. It was demonstrated that in a mixture of five metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb) the metals contributed to the toxicity of the mixture below the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) for these metals when tested individually. The average concentration of Cu, Zn and possibly Pb in Meuse water exceed the NOEC values for filtration rate. Thus, it seems likely that joint effects of different (groups of) toxicants in the river Meuse cause the overall toxicity of the water for the zebra mussel, explaining the marginal populations at the test site, while other river species are absent there. It is suggested that toxicants in the river Meuse restrict the recolonisation of the river by invertebrate species more sensitive than the zebra mussel. This will be studied using invertebrates of different sensitivities (molluscs, arthropods), enabling the assessment of toxicity at different stages of water quality improvement of the river Meuse.